Estudo químico e do potencial biológico do produto da fermentação do fungo endofítico Gibberella moniliformis.

Abstract

The endophytic fungi become valuable sources for discovering new molecules with therapeutic and biotechnological interest. The present study aimed to evaluate the bioactive potential of the products obtained in the fermentation of Gibberella moniliformis 99(3) endophytic fungus and to identify the molecules responsible for this bioactivity. Initially, the endophyte isolated from leaves of Laguncularia racemosa (Brazilian mangrove) was submitted to the fermentation in Czapek broth for 20 days / 28°C, under static conditions. Then, the fermented broth was partitioned with different solvents resulting in the ethyl acetate (JAc: 238 mg) and n-BuOH (JBu: 27.2 mg) extracts. These extracts were biologically monitored by agar diffusion assay against different pathogens (S. aureus ATCC® 6538™, E. coli ATCC® 25922™ and C. albicans ATCC® 10231™). Since an antimicrobial potential was observed, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) were also determined. It is pertinent to highlight the results of JAc (CIM: 125-250 µg/mL) and to JBu (CIM: 50-100 µg/mL; CMM: 100-200 µg/mL) against C. albicans ATCC 10231. A bioguided fractionation study was realized with JAc extract obtaining 27 fractions, which were grouped into four fractions (J1, J2, J3 e J4). The antimicrobial potential was biomonitored, with more emphasis to J3. In chromatographic study, the J3 fraction was positive to Dragendorff reagent and UV 254 nm. In the spectroscopic studies with J3 (H¹ NMR, C¹³ NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, MS and IR) was possible the characterization of a pyridine alkaloid called 5-butylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid also known as fusaric acid. The bioactive potential of this compound was investigated applying six biological assays in vitro. The cell viability study was realized by colorimetric assay MTS, using four human tumor lines (A549, Hep G2, HT 144 and MCF 7), was observed a moderate selectivity for the lines MCF 7 and HT 144 and low selectivity was assessed on normal fibroblast strains (CCD-1059Sk). The reduction of cellular viability of 60 % (MCF 7) and 50 % (HT 144) occurs by antiproliferative effect (IC50: 60 µg/mL), according to test by exclusion with trypan blue. In antimicrobials studies, the pyridine alkaloid showed strong antifungic potential against C. albicans ATCC 10231 (MIC: 25-50 µg/mL; MFC: 200-400 µg/mL). In this sense, a safe and topical treatment for patients with candidiasis could be suggested based on data set, once the MIC was well below toxic concentration for a possible skin fibroblasts (CCD-1059Sk ). Besides that, this compound could be suitable for use as a sanitizer on secondary sources of hospital infection due to the fungistatic profile observed in C. albicans isolated from lab coat and sheet (MIC : 50-100 µg/mL). It was also observed strong bacteriostatic potential against E. coli (MIC: 50-100 µg/mL) and moderate against S. aureus (MIC: 200-400 µg/mL). With the SEM images was noted that S. aureus suffered obvious morphological changes when treated with 200 and 400 µg/mL of fusaric acid. Investigating the synergistic potential of the combination between fusaric acid and commercially used antimicrobials, it was observed partially synergistic effect (ICIF = 0,625) for E. coli, with eight times potentiation of the streptomycin antimicrobial activity. It was checked for S. aureus an additive effect in the combination of alkaloid and amoxicillin (ICIF = 1). Studying antimycobacterial activity, the compound was tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with MIC90 > 25 µg/mL. The present work consistently demonstrated that the fungus endophyte G. moniliformis is promising in the production of compounds of interest and the data presented in this study open up new avenues of knowledge for fusaric acid which until then had not been explored in the literature.