Nanobiomaterial na engenharia tecidual: avaliação da carboapatita nanométrica para regeneração óssea

Abstract

Bone reconstructive surgeries in dentistry have been widely used for the purpose of enabling implant surgeries, increasing bone volume as well as bone quality. In order to improve the patient's quality of life in the postoperative period, reducing the morbidity rates due to the two surgical acts that occur in autogenous grafts, the biomaterials class has been highlighted in bone reconstructions. Especially the synthetic biomaterials, which present bioactive properties and do not have antigenicity. The area of tissue bioengineering seeks to develop biomaterials that are increasingly close to natural biological tissues, in order to improve the tissue response in the formation of a new tissue. The present study, proposes a comparative analysis of the new bone formation between the carboapatite nanometric (HAPNC) and the autogenous bone, considered gold standard for bone grafting. Critical defects of 6 mm were made in rat calvaria to observe the behavior of the bone neoformation against the synthetic nanobiomaterial HAPNC, observing the bone formation of the margins of the defect to the center. The groups are divided into negative control group: clot (COA), n = 8; experimental group with HAPNC graft, n = 16; and positive control group with autogenous bone (OA), n = 16. Microtomographic analyzes (micro-CT) were performed for morphometric data; histological analysis with hematoxicillin and eosin, picrosyri, for histomorphometric analysis and scanning electron microscopy for morphological characterization. HAPNC has been shown to be a nanobiomaterial capable of stimulating neoformation effectively. According to histomorphometric analysis, HAPNC in the 30-day experimental period showed very similar results related to the formation of new bone compared to OA 60 days (p = 0.0180). By micro-CT analysis it was observed that the amount of mineralized tissue present in the OA group was higher than the HAPNC group (p <0.05). Through the morphological characterization and statistical data, HAPNC has been shown to be promising in tissue engineering for reconstructive bone surgeries.