Efeito do grupo operativo no ensino do autocuidado para a prevenção do pé diabético: ensaio clínico randomizado

Abstract

Among the complications triggered by Diabetes Mellitus is the diabetic foot. The risk factors for diabetic foot should be early recognized, to avoid the evolution of harmful situation. Therefore, the study aims to evaluate the effect of the operative group on teaching self-care with feet to prevent diabetic foot. It was a randomized, controlled, double-masked clinical trial of 109 volunteers with type 2 diabetes. They were randomized into two distinct groups, called the Treated Group (GT = 55 people) and the Control Group (GC = 54 people). The WG received the educational intervention "Teaching of self-care with the feet", while the CG was only evaluated. The volunteers were evaluated in three moments, before and after the educational intervention and 15 days later - follow up. In the evaluations instruments were applied on the knowledge about the practices of prevention of the diabetic foot, of the intentions to carry out the activities of self-care with the feet and the alterations in the skin and in the hair, in the blood circulation, the sensitivity, the temperature tesular, measured by through the thermographic chamber and in the plantar pressure of the feet through the baropodometer. The "self-care teaching with the feet" intervention was carried out through the operating group and developed with written orientation, expository dialogue and role-playing. Data were analyzed by intention-to-treat and statistical analysis using the following tests: Shapiro-Wilk, Chi-square, T-test, Mann-Whitney test; McNemar and Wilcoxon paired. The results showed that after the educational intervention, the WG presented better values when compared to the CG. Thus, WG was statistically significant in relation to CG in the global variables of "Knowledge about self-care activities with feet", "Intention to care for feet" and "Risk of integrity of damaged skin of feet". In this sense, the self-care educational intervention with feet worked in the operative group presented potential to improve self-care with the feet of people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and contributed to reduce the risk of complications in the feet of these people.