Equilíbrio químico e cinética enzimática da interação de alfa-amilase com compostos fenólicos encontrados em cerveja

Abstract

α-amylase is a key enzyme in the production of beer due to the hydrolysis of starch into fermentable sugars. During the preparation of its brewing mash (40 to 80 °C), this enzyme can be affected by polyphenols present in the mixture. Our aim was to evaluate the kinetics and equilibrium of the interaction of α-amylase with polyphenols usually present in beer at common temperature range employed in the process. Hence, polyphenols commonly found in beer (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and quercetin) were incubated with α-amylase at 298, 313, 323K, enzyme activities were followed by molecular absorption using the triiodine method, and the results treated by the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation. The chemical equilibrium of the interaction was addressed by spectrofluorometric titration at 298, 303, 313, 323, 333K. The results showed values of the kinetic parameters of α-amylase at 323 K of Km 1.37 ±0.19 mg.mL-¹ and Vmax 0.66 ± 0.08 mg.mL-¹.min-¹, and a competitive inhibition model exhibiting inhibition constants (Ki) between 2.00 x 10 -5 ±4.50 x 10-7 mol.L-¹ and 4.52 x 10-5 ±2.24x10-6 mol.L-¹. Enzyme activation energy values were in order of chlorogenic acid > ferulic acid > caffeic acid > quercetin. Chlorogenic acid showed the highest stability in the complex formation, exhibiting the lowest Ki value, the more pronounced temperature sensitivity and the highest inhibition at optimum temperature (323K), in contrast to the values presented for quercetin. The results of the ligand-enzyme interaction revealed increasing values of the binding constant of the protein with the ligands (Kb) with temperature, suggesting a greater complex stability near 323 K, similar to that found from the enzyme inhibition data. The values for ∆H and ∆S suggest an entropy-driven force present in the association mechanism. The results for structure-activity relationship demonstrated a positive correlation between the biological activity (both binding and catalysis) of the α-amylase with the polar nature descriptors of the polyphenols (total number of hydrogen donors and acceptors of, polarizability, TPSA, pKa). Binding assays of the enzyme with chlorogenic acid at different pH values and ionic strength support the structure-activity results and suggest a plausible interaction of the carboxylate ion of the ligand with basic groups in the vicinity of the catalytic site of the enzyme.